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Some details on how information is extracted experimentally for the future:
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Forces: There is a centrifugal force on the quarks as the orbit with some momentum. There is the color charge force (strong force) which is the flux tube that brings the quarks together. There is electricity and magnetism that are applied to all of the charged quarks. The force between valance quarks should go as F(r)=Ar+BrCr. In other words, at small r where the quarks are close together, there is a spring constant. As r gets bigger (beyond the diameter of the proton) then the attractive force gets stronger and stronger very fast. The sea quarks should go as F(r)=a/r2+b where r is the distance between them. Both a and b are constants that play a role in the spatial region that each term kicks in. The sea quarks actually undergo a gluon-mediated scattering interaction governed by an inverse square law just like Coulomb’s law. The difference is that there’s a second term in the equation, and it’s a constant. Regardless of the distance between them, two “unpaired” quarks will be attracted to each other with a constant force on top of the inverse square law which is 137 times stronger than the electromagnetic force.
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